1.
The stepwise stability constants of a complex are given below. What is its overall stability constant (β4\beta_4)?

M+LML\text{M} + \text{L} \rightleftharpoons \text{ML}; K1=1.0×104K_1 = 1.0 \times 10^4

ML+LML2\text{ML} + \text{L} \rightleftharpoons \text{ML}_2; K2=1.0×103K_2 = 1.0 \times 10^3

ML2+LML3\text{ML}_2 + \text{L} \rightleftharpoons \text{ML}_3; K3=1.0×103K_3 = 1.0 \times 10^3

ML3+LML4\text{ML}_3 + \text{L} \rightleftharpoons \text{ML}_4; K4=1.0×102K_4 = 1.0 \times 10^2

Overall reaction: M+4LML4\text{M} + 4\text{L} \rightleftharpoons \text{ML}_4