1.
If the circles x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c=0x^2+y^2+2gx+2fy+c=0 and x2+y2+2g′x+2f′y+c′=0x^2+y^2+2g'x+2f'y+c'=0 are orthogonal, then 2gg′+2ff′=c+c′+constant2gg'+2ff' = c+c' + \text{constant}. The constant is