1.
If i=1n(xia)=n\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_i - a) = n and i=1n(xia)2=na\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_i - a)^2 = na, with n,a>1n, a > 1, then the standard deviation of the nn observations x1,x2,,xnx_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n is: